Parts of Speech NOUNS Common nouns refer to any place, person, thing, or idea. examples: woman, country Proper nouns refer to any particular place, person, thing, or idea. examples: Greta, Norway PRONOUNS take the place of a noun. Nominative case is used for the subject of a sentence or clause. example: He went to bed. Possessive case shows ownership. example: The waterbed is his. Objective case receives action or is after a preposition. example: They sold him a leaky waterbed. VERBS show action or state of being and the time of that action or state. examples: Past: She waited in the car. Present: She needs gas now. Future: She will enjoy her trip. ADVERBS describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and specify in what manner, when, where, or how much. examples: He whimpered miserably as the doctor injected the antidote. It hurt much more than he expected. • I before E, except after C—or when sounded as A, as in neighing and weigh. • Final consonants are not doubled when the word ends in more than one consonant. examples: conform conformed conforming help helped helping • When words end in soft ce or ge, keep the e before able and ous. examples: advantageous changeable chargeable courageous enforceable manageable noticeable outrageous peaceable • When verbs end in ie, change the ending to y before adding ing. examples: die dying (died) lie lying (lied) tie tying (tied) Spelling Rules ADJECTIVES describe nouns and specify size, colour, number, and so on. This is called modifying. examples: A small light showed in the upper window of the old factory. ARTICLES introduce nouns and are sometimes classified as adjectives. There are only three articles in the English language: a, an, and the. examples: The taxi screeched to a stop. PREPOSITIONS show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence. Note: Prepositions can also be used as adverbs. examples: Preposition: I fell down the stairs. Adverb: I fell down. CONJUNCTIONS join words, phrases, or clauses. Coordinating conjunctions connect elements of the same value. example: Take the cookie and eat it. Subordinating conjunctions join a main clause and a dependent (subordinate) clause. example: The cookie is overdone because the timer was slow. INTERJECTIONS are also known as exclamations and are indicated by the use of the exclamation mark (!). example: Wow! Look at that horse go! RESOURCE PAGES R–4
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